English Phonology

What is Phonology ?

Is a branch of linguistics which study about the function and patterning of sounds. Is a study of phoneme
  
 Phonemics 

the study of sound pattern in a specific language.Concern in a study of phoneme and the sound of language.

Phonetics

the study of sound production in any human language.

 
1. Articulatory 
How the sound produced by the organ of speech.

2. Acoustics

How the sounds are transmitted

3. Auditory 

 How the sounds are received by the listener.

Articulatory Phonetics

Is the study of sounds production  in any human language. It means that any language in the world has the same system of sound production because human have the same organ of speech. They are:

1. Nose cavity : nose
2. Mouth cavity : lips, teeth, tongue, alveolar, teeth and teeth ridge.
3. Pharyngeal cavity : throat, glotis /epiglotis/, vocal cord
4. Chest cavity: lung

Phonemics = Phoneme

Phoneme is the smallest unit of sound which distinguished the meaning.

1. SEGMENTAL PHONEME

1.1 .Vowel

1.2. consonant

1.3. diphthong

1.4. triphthong

1.5. cluster

2. SUPRASEGMENTAL

2.1. pitch (titi nada)

2.2. intonation (intonasi)

2.3. stress (tekanan)

2.4. juncture (jeda)

Segmental phoneme

VOWEL  = 12 phonemes

The sound that when it is produced, there is no obstruction and the air stream comes through without any block of some points.

/i:/; /ɪ/;/ u:/;/ ʊ/; /e/; /ɜ:/;/ ə/; /ɔ:/;/æ/; /ʌ/;^*/ɑ:/; /ɒ/

The  classification of vowel

a. Quality

Depends on the quality of timbre/ resonance of chamber. E. g. /i:/ and /u/

 b. Quantity

Depends on the time / the long of the sounds when it is sounded. e.g. /u/ and /u:/

The criteria of vowel

1. The position of the lips

Rounded /o/,/o:/, /u/, /u:/

Unrounded  /a:/, /i/, /i:/

Normal : /i/, /e/, /a:/, /3:/

Spreading: /ae/, /i:/

 2. The height of the tongue

Close : /i/, /i:/, /u/, /u:/ 
Half close : /e/, /ae/, 
Open : / Λ /, /o/ 
Half open : /a:/, /o:/  
  
3. The part of the tongue 
-front vowel: /o/, /i:/, /e/, ae/ 
-central vowel : /ə /, /ə:/ 
-back vowel : /u/, /u:/, / Λ /,/a:/, /0:/ 

CONSONANT = 24 phonemes 
The sound that during the production, the air stream is blocked at some points. 
/p/pit                                    /b/ bin 
/t/ tin                                    /d/ din 
/k/ cut                                  /g/ gut 
/tʃ/cheap                             /dʒ/jeep 
/f/fat                                     /v/ vat 
/θ/thin                                 /ð/Then 
/s/ sap                                 /z/ zap 
/ʃ/she                                   /ʒ/Measure 
/w/ we                                 /m/ map 
/l/ lap                                    /n/ nap 
/r/ run                                  /j/ yes 
/h/ ham                               /ŋ/Bang

Consonant classification

1. The position of the vocal cord

 
a. Voiced consonant

When the sound is produced, the vocal cord is vibrated.

E. g. /b/, /g/, /d/,/z/

b. Voiceless consonant

When the sound is produced, the vocal cord is not vibrated. E. g. /t/, /f/, /s/, /k/

2. The place of articulation

1. Bilabial                : two lips are exploded  e. g. /p/, /b/, /m/

2. Labiodental         : the lip is touching the upper teeth e. g. /v/, /f/

3. Dental                  : the tip of the tongue is touching the upper teeth e. g. / θ /, /ð /

4. Alveolar               : the lip of the tongue is touching the teeth ridge e. g. /t/, /d/, /s/

5. Post alveolar        : the lip of the tongue is touching the back of the teeth ridge e.g. /r/= rain,.

6. Palato alveolar     : the blade of the tongue is touching the teeth ridge while the tongue comes up. E. g. /s/, / ʒ/,/ tʃ/, / dʒ/

7. Palatal                  : the front of the tongue is touching the hard palate e.g. /j/

8. Velar /soft palate : the back of the tongue is touching the soft palate /k/, /g/

9. Glottal                  : is represented the unpronounced sound in a word. E. g. it is all right /it iz lrait/

3. The manner of articulation

1. Plosives  (meletupkan): /p/, /b/
2. Affricates (menggosok) : /tʃ/, /dʒ/ives
3. Nasal (sengau) : /m/, /n/, /ŋ/
4. Lateral (pinggir) : /l/
5. Fricatives (mendesis) : /f/, /v/, /s/, /z/
6. Semi vowel (semi=setengah) : /w/, /j/

 

DIPHTHONG : are sounds which consist of movement or  glide from one vowel to another  vowel without interruption.

There are two kinds of diphthongs:

1. The centering diphthong are sounds/ diphthongs glide towards the sound  / ə/ vowel. e. g. /iə/, /oə/,/uə/,/eə/
2. The closing diphthongs are diphthongs end with a glide towards a closer vowel.

1. Ending in /i/: /ei/, /ai/,/oi/
2. Ending in /u/: /au/,/əu/

The example of diphthong

1. Centering diphthong

/fiəz/- fierce-/iə/

/skeə/-scare-/eə/

/tuə/-tour-/uə/

2. Closing diphthong

Time -/taim/-/ai/

Voice-/voiz/-/oi/

Load-/ləud/-/əu/

TRIPHTHONG : are a glide from one vowel to another  vowel then towards the third vowel without interruption.

e. g.- ei+ ə =/eiə/=player /pleiə/

                - ai+ə = /aiə/=fire /faiər/

                - oi+ə = /oiə/= royal /roiəl

CLUSTER (consonant cluster)

The English language permits a number of consonant clusters. They are consonant sounds put together  and pronounced as a glide. As in  spray /sprei/, flash/flaeʃ/

a. Consonant cluster at the initial position:

                

 splash,     fry,     pray,   blue,   scale  etc.

/splaeʃ/  /frai/  /prei/  /blu:/  /skeal/

b. Consonant cluster at the final position

Swept,  depth,   welsh etc.

/swept/  /depθ/   /welS/