a.
Definition :
Intonation is the refers to the
way the voice goes up and down in pitch. Intonation is about how we say things,
rather than what we say. Without intonation, it’s impossible to understand the
expression and thoughts that go with words.
b.
The
pattern of intonation:
1.
Fall
Falling intonation describes how the voice falls on the
final stressed syllable of a phrase or a group of words. It means that
the pitch decreases with time.
a.
Statement :
ExampIe: She got a dog.
Introgative She
got a dog?
b.
Question (5W+1H)
Example : How
are you?
Where are you?
2.
Rise
Rising intonation describes how the voice rises at the end
of a sentence. It mean that the pitch of the voice increase over time.
Example :
a.
To express surprise
Example: your
dog speaks English?
b.
Need clarification/repetition
Example: who
got a dog?
3.
Partial fall/ rise-fall
Fall-rise intonation describes how the voice falls and then
rises. We use fall-rise intonation at the end of statements when we want to say
that we are not sure, or when we may have more to add.
a.
Rise-fall
Example: my dog
is smart, preety and sweet.
b.
Unfinished-partial fall+no change
Example : I
want a dog, but...
c.
Functions
of intonation
1.
attitudinal
function (for expressing emotions and attitudes)
example: a fall from a high pitch on the 'mor' syllable of
"good morning" suggests more excitement than a fall from a low pitch
2.
grammatical
function (to identify grammatical structure)
example: it is claimed that in English a falling pitch
movement is associated with statements, but a rising pitch turns a statement
into a yes–no question, as in He's going ↗home?. This use of intonation is more typical of American English
than of British. It is claimed that some languages, like Chickasaw and Kalaallisut, have the opposite pattern
from English: rising for statements and falling with questions.
3.
focusing
(to show what information in the utterance is new and what is already known)
example: in English I saw a ↘man in the garden answers "Whom did you
see?" or "What happened?", while I ↘saw a man in the garden answers "Did you hear a
man in the garden?"
4.
discourse
function (to show how clauses and sentences go together in spoken discourse)
example: subordinate clauses often have lower pitch, faster
tempo and narrower pitch range than their main clause,[6] as in the case of the material
in brackets in "The Red Planet [as it's known] is fourth from the sun"
5.
psychological
function (to organize speech into units that are easy to perceive, memorize and
perform)
example: the utterance "You can have it in red blue
green yellow or ↘black"
is more difficult to understand and remember than the same utterance divided
into tone units as in "You can have it in ↗red | ↗blue | ↗green | ↗yellow | or ↘black"
6.
indexical
function (to act as a marker of personal or social identity)
example: group membership can be indicated by the use of
intonation patterns adopted specifically by that group, such as street vendors
or preachers. The so-called high rising terminal, where a statement ends with a high
rising pitch movement, is said to be typical of younger speakers of English,
and possibly to be more widely found among young female speakers.
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