A.
SUPRASEGMENTAL
PHONEMES
A phoneme is the smallest segment of sound that has the power to
change the meaning; eg. Consonants, vowels, diphtongs.
1.
STRESSES
Is the degree of loudness given to some syllables in relation to others.
Its very important because it differ meaning.
Stress is the force
with which a syllable is pronounced.
There are 4 degrees of
stress:
- Primary stress/primary accent/ heavy
stress is the heavy extra force used in speaking/heavy accent /’/
- Secondary stress /’’/
weaker than primary stress.
3. Tertiary stress
/ / weaker than secondary stress
4. Weak stress/
minimal stress / /
In phonology, there
are 2 categories of stress:
- Word stress
when
the nucleus of the syllable is produced in a reduced form, the syllable is said
to be unstressed. Bold syllable in the following words are stressed.
e.g. Riddle, button, melon,
manage, happy, zebra
2. Sentence stress
the
last word in the sentence tends to stand out or have more emphasis.
For examples:
- I
want two return tickets to London.
- I
want two return tickets to London.
- I
want two return tickets to London.
Which words should be stressed?
Usually stressed (Content Words) :
- Nouns
- Verb
(excluding be, have, do)
- Adjectives
- Adverbs
(including not)
- Demonstrative
pronouns (this, that, these, those)
- Interrogative
pronouns (who, when, why, etc.)
Which words should be unstressed?
Usually unstressed (function words):
- Articles
(a, an, the)
- Simple
prepositions (to, of, in, etc. )
- Personal
pronouns (I, me, he, him, it, etc.)
- Possessive
pronouns (my, his, your, etc. )
- Relative
pronouns (who, that, which, etc. )
- Conjunctions
(and, but, that, as, if, etc. )
- The
verbs (be, have)
- Auxiliary
verbs (will, would, shall, should, can, could, may, might, must, etc. )
The Rules of Stress
Rule #1
With most nouns and adjectives with 2 syllables, the stress is on the
first syllable.
For example:
PRE-sent, PRO-gress, IN-crease, JEA-lous,
RE-cord, PLEA-sant.
Rule #2
With most verb with 2 syllables, the stress is on the last syllable.
For example:
pre-SENT, in-CREASE, ad-MIT, be-GIN.
Rule #3
The words ending in : - tion
-
sion
-
cian
Are usually stressed on the second last syllable.
For example:
E-du-CA-tion, in-tu-I-tion, con-cen-TRA-tion,
per-MIS-sion, ob-SES-sion, mu-SI-cian, ma-GI-cian.
Exception:
TE-le-vi-sion
Rule #4
Word ending in –IC are usually stressed on the second last syllable.
For example:
E-co-NO-mic, rea-LIS-tic, stra-TE-gic,
me-CHA-nic, geo-GRA-phic.
Rule #5
Words ending in –EE and –OO are usually stressed on the last syllable.
For example:
Em-ploy-EE, gua-rant-EE, degr-EE, shamp-OO, tatt-OO, tab-OO.
Exception:
com-MIT-tee
COF-fee
2. Stress in American English
The most important of suprasegmental features
are Stress, and Tone.
In Stress, there are :
- Lexical
stress,
Lexical stress,
or word stress, is the stress placed on a given syllable in a
word.
For example :
- Contrast
/ˈkɒntrɑːst / /kən’trɑːst/
- Object /ˈɒbdʒekt/
/əb’dʒekt/
- Present
/ˈpreznt/ /prɪ’znt/
Notice:
§ Nominal Stress
§ Verbal Stress
- Shift
stress, and
Shift stress is the position of the stress is
shifted when the word is followed in a phrase by a more strongly stressed word.
Words which are likely to undergo stress shift are marked.
There is two kinds of shift stress:
- Blue-eyed
- Thirteen
- Next-door
1.
Yellow
color is Predicative use
Predicative use in the second syllable
2.
Red
color is Attributive use
Attributive use in the first syllable
- Weakening.
Weakening is some words without any stress.
For example:
- There
were rather a
lot of them.
- Most
of them are new.
- Why
was there nobody there to meet them ?
References:
Desmond,
Joseph. O’canar. 1980. Better English
Pronunciation. Britain : Athenaeum Press Ltd, Gateshead, Tyne and Wear.
Gate,
Edinbergh. Harlow. 2000. Pearson
Education Limited. England : Associated Companies.
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